In 1866, Julian Tenison-Woods invited MacKillop and her sisters Annie and Lexie to come to Penola and to open a Catholic school.[6] Woods was appointed director of education and became the founder, along with MacKillop, of a school they opened in a stable there. After renovations by their brother, the MacKillops started teaching more than 50 children.[15][16] At this time MacKillop made a declaration of her dedication to God and began wearing black.[17]
new sisters maria and ellen
Download: https://picfs.com/2vAsUg
On 21 November 1866, the feast day of the Presentation of Mary, several other women joined MacKillop and her sisters. MacKillop adopted the religious name of "Sister Mary of the Cross" and she and Lexie began wearing simple religious habits. The small group began to call themselves the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart[6] and moved to a new house in Grote Street, Adelaide. There they founded a new school at the request of the bishop, Laurence Sheil OFM.[12]
The "rule of life" developed by Woods and MacKillop for the community emphasized poverty, a dependence on divine providence, no ownership of personal belongings, faith that God would provide and willingness to go where needed.[6] The rule of life was approved by Bishop Sheil. By the end of 1867, ten other women had joined the Josephites, who adopted a plain brown religious habit. Due to the colour of their attire and their name, the Josephite sisters became colloquially known as the "Brown Joeys".[17]
In an attempt to provide education to all the poor, particularly in rural areas, a school was opened in Yankalilla, South Australia, in October 1867. By the end of 1869, more than 70 members of the Sisters of St Joseph were educating children at 21 schools in Adelaide and the country. MacKillop and her Josephites were also involved with an orphanage; neglected children; girls in danger; the aged poor; a reformatory (in Johnstown near Kapunda); and a home for the aged and incurably ill.[18] Generally, the Josephite sisters were prepared to follow farmers, railway workers and miners into the isolated outback and live as they lived.[citation needed]
In December 1869, MacKillop and several other sisters travelled to Brisbane to establish the order in Queensland.[16] They were based at Kangaroo Point and took the ferry or rowed across the Brisbane River to attend Mass at St Stephen's Cathedral. Two years later, she was in Port Augusta, South Australia for the same purpose. The Josephite congregation expanded rapidly and, by 1871, 130 sisters were working in more than 40 schools and charitable institutions across South Australia and Queensland.[18]
MacKillop clashed with the Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane, James Quinn, over the control of the many schools she established; MacKillop believed the sisters should control the schools while Quinn believed the diocese should control them. In 1879, relationships between them had deteriorated to the point that Quinn directed the sisters to leave his diocese. Despite protests by the laity, Quinn was determined and MacKillop and her Josephite sisters had left the diocese by mid-1880 with other Catholic orders taking over the operation of their schools. When the Diocese of Rockhampton was excised from the Brisbane diocese on 29 December 1882, it enabled MacKillop and her sisters to return to Queensland, where they established a school in Clermont and then in other places within the new diocese.[19]
During the time Torreggiani was Bishop of Armidale the Sisters of St Joseph established foundations at Tenterfield (1880), Inverell (1880), Narrabri (1882), Glen Innes (1883), Uralla (1886), Quirindi (1888), Hillgrove (1889), Tingha (1890), Bingara (1902), Walgett (1902), Warialda (1904) and Manilla (1904).[22] Subsequently, the sisters established Bundarra (1908), Barraba (1910), Boggabri (1911), Tamworth West (1919), Dungowan (1930), Tamworth South (1954), Lightning Ridge (1980), Mungindi (1995) and Attunga (1995). Wee Waa and Werris Creek were also "Motor Mission" centres.[23]
In addition to reporting the child abuse, Fr Woods and the Josephites also came into conflict with some clergy over educational matters[29] and local clergy began a campaign to discredit the Josephites. As well as allegations of financial incompetence, rumours were also spread that MacKillop had a drinking problem. A 2010 investigation by Fr Paul Gardiner found no evidence to support these allegations.[17] In fact, it was widely known that she drank alcohol on doctor's orders to relieve the symptoms of dysmenorrhea, which often led to her being bedridden for days at a time.Father Horan met with Sheil on 21 September 1871 and convinced him that the Josephites' constitution should be changed in a way that could have left the Josephite nuns homeless; the following day, when MacKillop apparently did not accede to the request, Sheil excommunicated her, citing insubordination as the reason.[29][30] Candid coverage in the Catholic newspaper The Irish Harp and Farmers' Herald[31] earned for its editor C. J. Fox ostracism and expulsion from the Catholic Association of which he was president.[32] Though the Josephites were not disbanded, most of their schools were closed in the wake of this action.[29] Forbidden to have contact with anyone in the church, MacKillop was given the rent-free use of two houses in Flinders Street, Adelaide by prominent Jewish merchant Emanuel Solomon[33] and was also sheltered by Jesuit priests. Some of the sisters chose to remain under diocesan control, becoming popularly known as "Black Joeys".[17][34]
MacKillop travelled to Rome in 1873 to seek papal approval for the religious congregation and was encouraged in her work by Pope Pius IX.[36] The authorities in Rome made changes to the way Josephite sisters lived in regards to their commitment to poverty[18] and declared that the superior general and her council were the authorities in charge of the congregation.[35] They assured MacKillop that the congregation and their "Rule of Life" would receive final approval after a trial period.[36] The resulting alterations to the "Rule of Life" regarding ownership of property caused a breach between MacKillop and Woods, who felt that the revised document compromised the ideal of vowed poverty and blamed MacKillop for not getting the document accepted in its original form.[29][35] Before Woods' death on 7 October 1889, he and MacKillop were personally reconciled, but he did not renew his involvement with the congregation.[35]
When MacKillop returned to Australia in January 1875, after an absence of nearly two years, she brought approval from Rome for her sisters and the work they did, materials for her school, books for the convent library, several priests and most of all, 15 new Josephites from Ireland. Regardless of her success, she still had to contend with the opposition of priests and several bishops. This did not change after her unanimous election as superior general in March 1875.[35]
The Josephites were unusual among Catholic church ministries in two ways. Firstly, the sisters lived in the community rather than in convents. Secondly the congregation's constitutions required administration by a superior general chosen from within the congregation rather than by the bishop, which was uncommon in its day. However, the issues which caused friction were that the Josephites refused to accept government funding, would not teach instrumental music (then considered an essential part of education by the church) and were unwilling to educate girls from more affluent families. This structure resulted in the sisters being forced to leave Bathurst in 1876 and Queensland by 1880 due to the local bishops' refusal to accept this working structure.[37][38][39]
After the appointment of Roger Vaughan as Archbishop of Sydney in 1877, life became a little easier for MacKillop and her sisters. Until his death in 1882, the Revd Joseph Tappeiner had given MacKillop his solid support and, until 1883, she also had the support of Bishop Reynolds of Adelaide.[citation needed]
Although still living through alms, the Josephite sisters had been very successful. In South Australia, they had schools in many country towns including, Willunga, Willochra, Yarcowie, Mintaro, Auburn, Jamestown, Laura, Sevenhill, Quorn, Spalding, Georgetown, Robe, Pekina, Appila and several others. MacKillop continued her work for the Josephites in Sydney and tried to provide as much support as possible for those in South Australia. In 1883 the order was successfully established at Temuka in New Zealand, where MacKillop stayed for over a year.[41] In 1889 it was also established in the Australian state of Victoria.[citation needed]
During all these years MacKillop assisted Mother Bernard with the management of the Sisters of St Joseph. She wrote letters of support, advice and encouragement or just to keep in touch. By 1896, MacKillop was back in South Australia, visiting fellow sisters in Port Augusta, Burra, Pekina, Kapunda, Jamestown and Gladstone. That same year, she travelled again to New Zealand, spending several months in Port Chalmers and Arrowtown in Otago.[41][42] During her time in New Zealand with the Sisters of St Joseph, a school was established in Arrowtown, near Queenstown, South Island. Located in the grounds of St Patrick's Church, the small yellow cottage now known as Mary MacKillop cottage was originally built as a miner's house around 1870. It was bought by the church and incorporated into the church school in 1882 and then in 1897, MacKillop had the cottage and some of the school converted to a convent for the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart who worked in New Zealand and Australia.[citation needed]
From Graham Funeral Home.Ellen T. Marren (nee Stack) passed away peacefully at her home in Greenwich, surrounded by her family on May 22, 2014. She was 97.She was born in New York City on May 15, 1927, she was the daughter of Dr. Joseph A. and Helen (nee Beckett) Stack of New York City and Montgomery, NY. Ellen attended Villa Maria Academy and graduated from St. Simon Stock High School (1945), Our Lady of Good Counsel College (now Pace University) in White Plains (BA, Mathematics - 1949) and Columbia University Teachers College in NYC (MA, Mathematics - 1951).Ellen's working career began as a mathematics teacher at Linden High School, Linden, NJ and then as a counselor and administrator at Pace University followed by parish office work for St. Mary Parish in Greenwich. Ellen took pride in being active in her children's schools including Our Lady of Mt. Carmel School in Elmsford, Iona Preparatory School in New Rochelle and School of the Holy Child in Rye.She was the author of Wonderful Memories, a collection of funny and memorable family stories.aEllen will be remembered for her strong Catholic faith. She set an amazing example for all those who knew her and always went the "extra mile" to help those in need. Ellen loved having a big family and bringing people together. She always felt blessed and happiest in a room filled with family and friends. Her interests included playing golf, watching her children and grandchildren play sports, enjoying all levels of Sudoku, playing Canasta with friends, following and investing in the stock market, knitting, needlepointing, designing floral arrangements and creating exquisite Christmas wreaths. Ellen enjoyed spending time in Sea Pines Plantation, Hilton Head Island, SC, traveling in the US and abroad, owning dogs, learning about wildlife and attending Broadway shows. Additionally, Ellen was an avid NY Yankees and Miami Heat fan.Ellen married her beloved husband, Bernard D. Marren, Esq. on Nov. 22, 1952, a marriage of 30 wonderful and fun-filled years. The six surviving children include: Bernard D. Marren, Jr. (Seane nee Donohue) of Rye, NY; Joseph H. Marren (Joan nee Murtagh) of Harrison, NY; Elizabeth T. Marren of Darien, CT; Susan M. Whelan (William) of Rye, NY; David S. Marren (Caroline nee Dillon) of Darien, CT; Robert J. Marren (Susan nee Lifvendahl) of Winnetka, IL. A seventh child, Mary Ellen died shortly after birth. Also surviving are 25 grandchildren: Tracey Marren Mumford and Timothy Marren; Anne Marren Bahr, Kathleen, Elizabeth, Patricia, Mary Kate, Caroline and Joseph Marren; Mary Whelan Lovely, Patrick, David, Helen, Kelly and Caroline Whelan; Katherine, Molly, Margaret and Peter Marren; Thomas, Megan, Robert, Kristin, Kevin and John Marren; one great granddaughter: Claire Ellen Lovely; three sisters: Maria Stack Kinsella, MD, St. Louis, MO; JoAnne Stack, New York, NY and Greenwich, CT; and Cynthia Stack Byrnes of Montgomery, NY.Ellen was predeceased by one grandchild: Colin Marren.The family will receive friends at the Graham Funeral Home, 1036 Boston Post Rd. Rye, NY on Thursday, May 29, from 1 to 4 p.m. and 6 to 9 p.m. A Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated on Friday, May 30 at St. Michael the Archangel Church, 469 North St., Greenwich, at 10:30 a.m. Interment to follow at Gate of Heaven Cemetery, Hawthorne, NY.In lieu of flowers donations can be made in her memory to The Trustees of Columbia University; in the memo line write PLS (Primary Lateral Sclerosis) Research. Address: Columbia University Medical Center, Office of Development, 100 Haven Ave., Suite 29D, New York, NY 10032 Attn: Matt Reals. 2ff7e9595c
תגובות