Orogeny is a mountain building process that takes place at a convergent plate margin when plate motion compresses the margin. An orogenic belt or orogen develops as the compressed plate crumples and is uplifted to form one or more mountain ranges. This involves a series of geological processes collectively called orogenesis. These include both structural deformation of existing continental crust and the creation of new continental crust through volcanism. Magma rising in the orogen carries less dense material upwards while leaving more dense material behind, resulting in compositional differentiation of Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle).[1][2] A synorogenic process or event is one that occurs during an orogeny.[3]
Operating costs include those associated with wages, salaries, supply consumption, and equipment operation. Capital expenditures cover equipment purchase and installation, site work, buildings, construction management, administration, and design and engineering.
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The Hydrology Directorate of the Ethiopian Ministry of Water Irrigation and Energy is the responsible body for installation and maintainence of river gauges. They also manage and disseminate the resulting river discharge data.
The Geological Survey of Ethiopia carries out hydrogeological mapping of the same sheets as for national geological map coverage, and also for selected river basins. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical map sheets at 1:250,000 scale, with explanatory notes, are available to view and download (as pdf files) from the Geological Survey of Ethiopia portal.
Hydrogeological and hydrochemical maps at 1:250,000 scale, with explanatory notes, are available to view and download (as pdf files) from the Geological Survey of Ethiopia portal. The Geological Survey of Ethiopia website gives background information on hydrogeological mapping .
Maps, data and reports from the project Groundwater mapping for climate resilient WASH in arid and semi-arid areas of Ethiopia (2018-2020) can be visualized and downloaded from a public webservice system, the GW4E viewer. This includes harmonized geological maps, groundwater suitability maps and socio-economic maps on a scale of 1:250,000 for eight clusters in Ethiopia, and 1:50,000 hydrogeological maps and 1:10,000 drilling maps for target kebeles.
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